cerana survival, populations in adjacent valleys are more likely to undergo genetic differentiation as a result of the blockage of gene flow. This study indeed showed genetic differentiation between A. cerana populations in different valleys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on the conducted PCoA and DAPC, A. cerana in different valleys showed obvious differentiation. Furthermore, the FST of microsatellites and mitochondria ranged from 0.04–0.29 to 0.06–0.76, respectively. According to Wright (Wright, 1978) and compared to other A. cerana research (Xu et al., 2013a; Yin and Ji, 2013), these results indicate population genetic differentiation. The highest reported elevation for a A. cerana population in the literature is 3250 m (Hepburn et al., 2001; Yang, 2001; Radloff et al., 2005). The observations of A. cerana at 3,040 m reported here are consistent with previously reported observations (Zhu et al., 2017). Based on this information, it could be inferred that the upper limit of the hospitable zone for A. cerana does not exceed 3,500 m. The valleys that were chosen in this study are separated by mountains with elevations > 4,000 m, such as the Boshula and Taniantaweng Mountains (Liu et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2016). Two main environmental characteristics are specific for this area. The first is that the area lacks vegetation, and is mostly covered by bare rock. The second is the presence of plateau meadows. In the eastern valleys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the lack of tree holes for nesting prevents A. cerana survival, thus blocking gene flow throughout the valleys. The resulting genetic differentiation between valleys suggests that nesting conditions are important ecological factors for A. cerana. Between valleys, nectar and pollen plants suitable as food sources for A. cerana have been found, along with bumblebees nesting in the ground. However, the apparent lack of suitable nesting places, such as caves or holes in tall trees, prevents the survival of A. cerana populations in such environments.
目次
Hereditary Diversity and Money Maintenance
Comparison of A. cerana in this study with other A. cerana shows their genetic differentiation, which reflects the special genetic structure and potential as germplasm resource of A. cerana in the alpine valley. cerana from the Loess Plateau, the Qinling-Daba Mountains, and the Hainan Island as indicated by the FST value with an average is 0.14 in both utilized loci (Table S5) (Xu et al., 2013a,c; Guo et al., 2016). Similarly, the FST values between the samples of the current study and A. cerana from Changbai Mountains and Fujian Province ranged from 0.31 to 0.72 (with an average of 0.45) (Zhu et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2013). Genetic differentiation between the investigated samples and A. cerana in Guizhou is corroborated by FST values (with an average of 0.08) (Yu et al., 2017). Moderate or strong genetic differentiation was found in loci Ap085, AP313, Ac-2, Ac-5, Ac-26, Ac-1, Ac-35, UN117, SV039, BI314, K0715, AP243, AP066, AC011, AP189, BI225, UN244T, and AT004, which indicates that the investigated sample has a distinct genetic structure in these loci. These analyses indicate the special genetic structure of honeybees in the alpine valleys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is a consequence of selection and genetic drift influenced by long-time isolation. Therefore, A. cerana in the valleys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a unique and precious genetic resource.
The brand new obtained samples let you know genetic distinction with A beneficial
On the valleys of your own Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the fresh new gene move from A great. cerana is readily banned, leading to hereditary divergence certainly one of communities. The brand new variety of them communities is relatively high; however, the brand new hereditary divergence ranging from populations is lowparison with similar A. cerana research indicates which he range off 0.2066 to help you 0.8305 (Chen et al., 2011; Ji ainsi que al., 2011), Photo selections out-of 0.28 to help you 0.81 (Cao et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2013a), Na selections from one.81 in order to (Ji et al., 2011; Xu mais aussi al., 2013c), High definition selections regarding 0.171 so you can 0.905 (Zhou et al., 2012; Ren ainsi que al., 2018), and you can ? ranges kissbrides.com check this site out off 0.00049 to 0.03034 (Zhou et al., 2012; Li mais aussi al., 2018). The fresh new hereditary assortment of each inhabitants tested within investigation is actually relatively reasonable. It is mainly a result of the outcome regarding brief people products (Xu et al., 2013b; Zhao et al., 2017). The surroundings of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau decides brand new sheer shipping off An excellent. cerana. Right here, environmental affairs such as for example height and nesting environment enjoys reached the brand new limitations away from viability because of it species. Around particular ecological limits, the new energetic inhabitants size of A beneficial. cerana are lower than five-hundred colonies. At the confirmed mutation speed, it results in reasonable hereditary range because of the quick amounts of individuals in almost any provided inhabitants (Vrijenhoek, 1997; Amos and you can Harwood, 1998; Frankham et al., 2002; Ellis ainsi que al., 2006). The brand new ecological environment of your valleys restriction brand new extension off short A good. cerana communities on larger populations, that have leads to lowest genetic variety.
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